The Length of the Working Day and Class Struggle

The essentialness of every workday time-range According to Marx, there are a few degrees of importance joined to the length of each working day. Actually, the force and amount of work ought to regularly be bought and thusly exchanged at a value that coordinates its value or worth. The last worth got from an item accumulates from work power. The worth outcomes from the time taken to make a product.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Length of the Working Day and Class Struggle explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the facts demonstrate that the amount of work power that is required to offer resource is not really comparable to the span of each working day. The time taken to finish task and make esteem is more than the necessary workforce time. This is the thing that converts into surplus work as Marx claims. In this manner, the length of every workday should be considered as a variable amount that modifies as per the amount of overabun dance work power. The period utilized in each workday can anyway simply change inside unequivocal limits. From the industrialist system’s nature, there will consistently be sure degrees of surplus work. While this excess work may move toward zero cutoff points, it can't be an outright zero in as much as genuine cutoff points don't exist. The employees’ most extreme working days are compelled or restricted by both the ethical requirements just as the physical confinements, including the necessitation to achieve different obligations. In this manner, as for the length of working days, business people seem to infer some shared advantages when they urge the work power to drudge an additional mile to create extra item esteem. This infers, all industrialists will ordinarily emerge as capital typified. The quintessence of industrialists will simply look like the capital soul, and it won't accept some other trait. Despite monitoring the requirements of each work power, entrepr eneur are less worried about the advantages inferred by workforce when they broaden the range of time worked each day. Capital has a particular quality. Its drive is to urge the creation intends to retain abundance amounts of work power to deliver surplus qualities. Business people will consequently endeavor to determine the most noteworthy potential returns or advantages from the work power use-values. The work powers have their own perceptions as respects to the time allotment they should complete their errands. For example, the force or vitality utilized by laborers is not normal for that which accumulates from different administrations or items. Without a doubt, the force created from work can be utilized to make an incentive in items and administrations. From the point of view of work power, the requests made by entrepreneurs uncover the over the top utilization of laborers power. For example, business visionaries may possibly abuse heaps of workforce vitality in a solitary day . Regardless, a similar work power may take around four to five days so as to restore the devoured energy.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The entrepreneurs use work force and ruin a similar work. To be completely forthright, if business people were laborers, they probably won't have the option to utilize five days worth of their workforce vitality in a solitary day, and simply pay themselves just a solitary day’s worth. In this way, similarly as business people request item esteems, the work power ought to be repaid dependent on the created products esteem. This requires the length of each working day ought to be a factor to be viewed as while paying the work power. Why Harvey sees the workday time-length strain as class battle In crafted by Marx, the focal subject identifies with class pressure whereby class strife characterizes the history. The here and n ow isn't a special case of this. Truth be told, in the contemporary period, class clashes are depicted by the pressure present in the midst of representatives and business people. Class battle rises in light of the asymmetry in the midst of the trade estimations of workforce power and the inferred client esteems. The most grounded class in the battle is that of the business people. That is, the time range for every workday is a factor that ought to be viewed as while paying specialists. All things considered, the industrialists utilize their class to characterize and apply additional power while executing what they think the work power ought to be paid. While business people are the most grounded class, they are not simply provided unrivaled dealing order against the laborers. Most cultural associations including asset standing rules were characterized to help and ensure the wants of business people. The creation mode is made to look as though it has a place with the capitalistsâ₠¬â„¢ monetary framework. These methods of creation ceaselessly bolster industrialists to a degree that they decimate the substance of the workforce. In spite of the excess worth created by work power subsequent to working for longer hours, it is hard to track down that the business people are carrying on in an unexpected way. The sum given to workforce as a portrayal of their endeavors continues as before, henceforth causing pressures among these two gatherings. Increasing excess qualities and improving items worth are the wants and substance of the business people. All business people understand these objectives by means of abusing the workforce through neglecting to offer them the suggested installments for the total worth bundle on what has been delivered. Accordingly, there is an auxiliary battle including industrialists and work power given that entrepreneurs are constrained to adventure to endure. Any framework that has a place with the industrialists requires the misuse of th e workforce. There are measures taken to lessen the difficulties looked by employees.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Length of the Working Day and Class Struggle explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These incorporate government assistance and least compensation bundles. By the by, these measures are simply expected as money related guide. In all actuality, the budgetary guides are not intended to cover the time taken to create surplus worth. It is difficult to change what industrialists think or accept, as is it the case with the work power. This paper on The Length of the Working Day and Class Struggle was composed and put together by client Travis Golden to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Fossil Fuel Consumption, Co2 And Its Impact On Global Climate Essays

Non-renewable energy source Consumption, CO2 and Its Impact on Global Climate Foundation: At the start of mankind's history, we needed to fulfill our vitality requirements (for food, warmth and development) by utilizing our own muscle force and assembling or then again chasing normally accessible plants, creatures and wood. Each phase in the advancement of human culture (the improvement of cultivating, training of creatures, bridling of wind and water power) expanded the normal per capita vitality use, be that as it may, it was the Industrial Revolution and the abuse of petroleum products which denoted the change of social orders into the vitality serious economies of today. Since the eighteenth century the industrializing nations have come to depend on non-sustainable power source assets, and at present around 80 percent (Myers, 1994) of the world's business vitality is gotten from oil, coal and gas. In spite of the fact that it has been seen that the development of vitality utilization is intently related with the increments in net national item therefore our financial advancement, the significant wellsprings of vitality (that is non-renewable energy sources) are 'stock assets'. Non-renewable energy sources are devoured by use and the present utilization designs are non-reasonable. It is perceived that vitality preservation and the improvement of sustainable power sources will be expected to continue financial development. The amount of eventually recoverable non-renewable energy sources is restricted by geography and stays a matter of doubt, however the perspective on the 1970s that shortage was inevitable is as yet well known. It is the 1973 Oil Crisis denoted the change from inexhaustible, ease vitality to a time of expanding costs and shortage. Today worries over shortage have been surpassed by the topic of regardless of whether individuals can stand to meet the natural expenses of proceeded non-renewable energy source utilization. One of the most boundless concern identified with worldwide climatic changes. Presentation: Climate speaks to ordinary climate state of a region over a time of numerous years. This is rather than climate which is the everyday changes in the climate. It is presently understood that our worldwide "climatic normals" had vacillated in the previous a huge number of years which was no place identified with human exercises. By the by, with the expanding human populace and our dependence on non-renewable energy sources since the only remaining century, we have certainly 'partook' in the climatic changes which are occurring to a specific e... ...wrinkling in the course of the most recent decade. More on that, the consuming of fossil energizes do discharge infrared-engrossing carbon dioxide to our environment. In this manner, it is only an obvious end result that the nursery is here, as it generally does. Apparently there is unnecessary warming inside the nursery which is initiated by our expanding pace of non-renewable energy source utilization, and the issues that lies behind worldwide climatic change are broad . Maybe, as far as possible to our petroleum derivative utilization will be the CO2 issue yet not the size of the asset. A Chinese maxim says that "prevention is better than cure." Ways to deal with vitality protection could be the key. Book index: Benarde, M. A., 1992, Global Warning†¦ Global Warming, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 52-65. Goudie, A., 1994, The Human Impact on the Natural Environment, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 301-7. Kraushaar, J. J. & Ristinen, R. An., Energy and Problems of a Technical Society, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 394-400. Myers, N., 1994, The Gaia Atlas of Planet Management, London: Gaia Books Limited, 96-113. Tolba, M. K., 1992, The World Environment 1972-1992, London: Chapman & Hall, 61- - 71.

HOW TO Create Your Own Blog Book Easily

HOW TO Create Your Own Blog Book Easily Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!HOW TO: Create Your Own Blog Book EasilyUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/2oz8Rxw CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogYour blog is something which you cant live without. Right? You can always enjoy your blog online, but considering the fact that online is not a big part, you can take your blog offline. If you are going to marry a female blogger, then this would be the perfect gift for her Blog Book.Wonder how? There is a perfect service for that. A program which lets you download onto your computer and allows you to upload your posts and pictures. I dont want to keep you in suspense, yes, we are talking about the service Blog2Print. If you want to print your blog into a quality offline book, you can use this service. First choose which blog platform you use, which includes Blogspot, Typepad or WordPress. Then type in the name of your blog and few more basic steps.After doing all those things if you feel happy, then you can Print this hot book. This process consumes time depending on your blog posts.Below you can see the reasons what makes Blog2Print special and unique amongst others.#7 Add the Ability to Purchase a Less Expensive Book. Professional bloggers, who use mostly text on their blogs, with few photos and very little color, now have a black-and-white option. The average 150-page softcover black-and-white blogbook from Blog2Print now costs $17.45, compared to $60.45 for the same book in color.#6 Allow Updating of the Table of Contents Feature. Blog2Print users were once locked in to accepting a Table of Contents whether they wanted one or not. The feature is a handy navigational tool, but some users had only four or five pages of items to publish and didn’t want to pay for a Table of Contents. Now, the feature is optional and can be customized, deleted or changed to reflect any title a u ser chooses. In addition, the new “My Pages” template offers bloggers the ability to add titles to the Table of Contents, insuring that a reader can quickly access desired content.READDon't Get Bogged Down When Blogging#5 Create Interactivity in the Downloadable PDF. With many Blog2Print books running to hundreds of pages, some users choose to order a downloadable PDF with their book. Users choose the PDF feature when they want to retain their blog on their hard drive, and now those PDFs are interactive, allowing linkable navigation from the Table of Contents and linkable URLs that can connect to all types of media on the web.#4 Provide Label Support. Bloggers on the Google platform now have an option to choose label filtering, so their books can build on a topic or topics. Almost all bloggers file and tag their content already, using labels to organize their online posts. Now, Blog2Print lets users select posts for their books in the same way, with just the click of a button. #3 Allow Access to Blog2Print Using Google Chrome. Google Chrome is a browser that allows web applications to look and feel like a desktopâ€"and a growing number of bloggers are turning to faster web systems to allow more efficient use of their online time. Ten percent of Blog2Print’s visitors use Chrome, so this is a welcome improvement for them.#2 Support Self-Hosted WordPress. Due to popular demand, the Blog2Print platform now supports self-hosted WordPress, the largest blogging platform. Blog2Print worked with its RD team in Herzlia, Israel, to develop code that would be compatible with the Blog2Print software. The entire WordPress community can now create personalized and customized books with Blog2Print.#1 Most requested enhancement was…having the choice of a black cover. Black wasn’t one of the cover color choices available when Blog2Print launched, nor was it among the choices offered to Blog2Print’s Facebook fans when they chose the first round of new covers. But the fans made their voices heard through Facebook, and black has already become the best-selling cover among Blog2Print users.

The First And Hardest Part Of Writing An Essay - 923 Words

The first and hardest part of writing an essay is figuring out how to start. A professor may give a topic to be written about, but in some cases that may not happen. The first step is to pick a topic. The topic will serve as your thesis. You want to pick a topic that you are relatively knowledgeable about so you are not completely in the dark. By picking a topic that you know even a little about, will take away the anxiety of not knowing where to start or what to write about. If you chose to challenge yourself and write a paper about something you are novice about, then you want to pick a topic that is broad enough to find enough information about. For example, if you want to write a paper about cars, do not make cars what your paper is about, because although it is a broad topic it is also somewhat narrow. Try to broaden your topic buy changing it to, â€Å"how cars have changed our lives.† Changing your topic to a more argumentative thesis gives you a pinpoint area to write about and leaves the door open to give you more to write about. The second step, and what I believe to be the most important step is locating sources to support your thesis. A research essay without sources becomes an opinion essay, and that is what you as the writer want to stay away from. Sources make your essay more creditable. If your essay is about â€Å"how technology has benefited students and teachers in the classrooms,† then you should find sources that are about how technology is used inShow MoreRelatedMy Hardest Writing Assignment1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe most stressful/ hardest writing assignment. The hardest writing assignment I thought I would ever have to write about would have to be this paper. Not because I have never had a hard writing assignment, but because in fact, I have had many hard writing assignments. What made me think this paper was going to be my hardest assignment was because of all of the complications I had, just to try to start this one. One major complication that I had was that my internet was not wanting to work,Read MoreArgumentative Reflection934 Words   |  4 PagesArgumentative Essay Reflection One of my central struggles throughout high school has been writing essays and reports for all classes not just english. I was a little worried when I signed up to take this course, since it counted as a college credit. Even though I was worried about taking this course, but I am thankful that I did. The main reason behind my decision to take this course is because I thought it would better prepare me for college. This argumentative essay was one of the hardest essay thatRead MorePersonal Essay : Course Reflection992 Words   |  4 Pagessummer school the first thing I said was, â€Å"Yeah, I want to take English 101.† The only problem was that it started at 8AM and I usually worked the night before, but I thought I could handle it. I enjoy writing. I actually write in my free time sometimes, so I thought English would be no problem. For me, writing is either extremely easy or extremely hard. It’s easy for me when I don’t have restrictions from what I can writ e about. I can pick any topic and write it anyway I want. Writing was hard for meRead MoreHow I Write An Essay981 Words   |  4 Pageswith writing an essay. I know that I have struggled with writing essays on more than one occasion. There are multiple parts of an essay that I struggle with, starting with grammar are my biggest issue, then along comes revising my own essay. Another would be staying on topic, my brain moves faster than my hands on the keyboard to type. Finally one of my last struggles would be critiquing myself, I believe that is one of the hardest things to possibly do. First off, I remember my first essay I wroteRead MoreI Can See How College Writing959 Words   |  4 Pageshow College Writing 101 could have been easy for some, people coming straight out of high school that is, with all the skills still fresh in their minds, but I can say with absolute certainty that this was a challenge for me to complete. Although, I began Writing 101 with very few writing skills and even fewer grammar skills, I can honestly say looking back that I retained a great deal of knowledge in a surprisingly short amount of time. Never the less, I found out one of the hardest challengesRead MoreMy First Day Of School917 Words   |  4 Pagesmentally, yet is not the hardest and most challenging thing I have ever done. I came into the year, and the class, with a relatively open-mind, but majorly underestimated my writing abilities. Since that ill-fated September day, the first day of school, I have gained an exceptional amount of confidence when it comes to my writin g abilities. Needless to say, I definitely feel challenged this year, which was much overdue. It was an adjustment from just being able to whip up an essay up from nothing, toRead MoreReflective Letter : Reflective Essay807 Words   |  4 Pages Review essay reflective letter The research essay is one of the hardest essays I have to write this semester, the difficult part is to generate ideas and factual information to support our ideas. Over the pass week we have been working on the review essay as a team together and I got to say the essay are much harder than I thought it would be. We able to pick our own subject and write about it. The main goal is to inform the reader to take a look further at the subject using non-bias, scholarlyRead MoreMy First Attempt At Redemptive Accomplishment935 Words   |  4 Pagesand a half later, I have grown to appreciate the value of putting in effort. Southern New Hampshire University’s English Composition course is my first attempt at redemptive accomplishment. When I began this writing course, I was asked what I hoped to accomplish. I even wrote a reflective essay as a journal entry on the topic. Looking back at the essay and reading it again, I am struck by how much I have learned in such a brief time span. My initial concerns were surrounded in a perceived fearRead MoreWhat Corporate America Can t Build A Sentence990 Words   |  4 PagesBuild: A Sentence, a study by the National Commission on Writing found from a survey of a 120 American corporation that in 2004 they collectively over $3.1 billion annually to improve employees writing skills. These were not just corporations whose livelihood depended upon skilled and professional writers, these were corporations from a broad spectrum of American business. I had no idea corporations spent this amount of money on remedial writing training for employees. When I restarted my collegeRead MoreI Am Impressed By This Class Made Me983 Words   |  4 Pageswritten to provide an insight of my development and improvement in English writing. I have to admit that throughout the year this class made me rethink everything I know about English. I studied the text in depth and analyzed it to make conclusions. The concepts of â€Å"Pop Culture† and â€Å"Hamlet† were complicated at first but I was able to understand the meaning of each. Not only were the concepts difficult but also writing the essays as I did not have a firm grasp on the concept. I am surprised by how much

Literary Romanticism Literary Realism - 852 Words

Literary Romanticism in Contrast to Literary Realism Romanticism is a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. This particular movement focused on imagination and the interpretation of imagination by the individual. Romanticism primarily used symbolism to represent a much broader meaning than the object itself. In contrast, Realism attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity, or in other words, it is fiction devoted to the accurate representations of American lives and shifts in culture. This particular movement focused on the criticisms of social conditions and used characters as the center of interests as opposed to a plot. In addition, Realism used objects or figures as impartial or objective representations in an honest, matter of fact style. Authors from both of these literary movements used observations of surroundings in societies, or the world as a whole, to convey messages in their works, that unify them. In Edgar Allen Poe’s Raven, which is from the Romanticism movement, Poe uses the crow as the symbolization to convey his message, through the narrator, of the narrator’s surroundings as well as the narrator’s state of mind (imagination). Poe exemplifies this as follows: Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; –Show MoreRelatedLiterary Realism : A Movement1602 Words   |  7 PagesTaylor Jones Professor Anderson American Literature II 11 October 2015 Literary Realism Realism was a movement in literature that followed Romanticism. In sharp contrast to Romanticism, everyday things characterized the writing of this time period. The use of authentic settings, relatable characters, and plotlines made realism what it was. In order to support the goals of these works, authors, for the first time, created stories that truly represented class and gender. The topics of class and moneyRead MoreCharles Darwin And His Theory Of Evolution1248 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican literature began to shift away from romanticism, which had been the primary style seen among American novelists up to and for some time after the Civil War. With the departure from romanticism came the journey into the realm of realism. If Romanticism can be described as searching past the obvious in search of the ideal, then Realism is diving into the obvious to explore the ugliness, misery, and hopefully the truth of the world. 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This new literature was descriptive and colorful while describing on occasion, terrible events from experiences born out of World War One. Many of these writers were considered part of the Lost Generation and their literary themes expressed the feelings of their time. A smaller subset of these writers took their literary talentsRead MoreEssay on Romanticism, Realism and Local Color in The Awakening1018 Words   |  5 PagesRomanticism, Realism and Local Color in The Awakening nbsp; Kate Chopin is an author who was born in 1851 and died in 1904.nbsp; Her father died when she was young, and her husband died when she was thirty-one leaving her with six children.nbsp; Due to this, she had little male influence throughout her life.nbsp; This may possibly be why she had so little inhibition when writing her novels.nbsp; She seemed to concentrate on the oppression of women and presented socially unacceptable ideasRead More Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, and Postmodernism598 Words   |  3 PagesEnlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, and Postmodernism Literature: the enlightenment, romanticism, realism, modernism, and postmodernism†¦. Where does one begin? To some, those words can be as scary as the word computer is to others. This essay is designed to help you become a great literary interpreter. Getting the motivation is three fourths of the battle to getting into the heads of the artists. To begin, an outline of some of the literary movements has been provided. The enlightenmentRead MoreLiterary Romanticism In Madame Bovary706 Words   |  3 Pagesphase of romanticism in 1856, French novelist, Gustave Flaubert boycotted the promised fairy tales found in novels with, Madame Bovary. Flaubert’s story of the failed dreamer utilizes literary realism to exploit the truths of looking for the imaginary in reality. With his meticulous writing skills, Flaubert exposes the unspoken fears of love through his protagonist, Emma Bovary. Despite initial outrage during publication, Madame Bovary has developed into a staple piece in the age of romanticism. 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Throughout Chopins day, the work was regarded as nonsense and a waste of time on her part. Critics found the main characters rebellion to be foolish and unlawful. At that age, it was believedRead MoreThemes of Regionalism in Cathers A Wagner Matinee Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesWagner Matinee. Highly educated and informed, Cather demonstrated realism techniques and language throughout the short story. Most of her writing, published at the end of the realist era, was not well accepted. A Wagner Matinee strongly contradicts literary techniques and devices of Romanticism while emphasizing regionalism, a form of realism. In comparing and contrasting literary techniques and style of the Romantic and realism eras, A Wagner Matinee, by Willa Cather, would use less empha size

Beowulf vs. Eaters of the Dead - 1645 Words

Great Literary Epics of the Past The Roman conquest of England in 43 AD, coinciding with the introduction of Christian values, the alphabet and writing utensils was the start of a new Era. Missionaries sent by the Roman Pope to England influenced the pagan values of the native Britanie, as exemplified in their literature. Anglo-Saxons, whom contributed the features of a literary Epic, were torn between pagan beliefs and Christian values as their predecessors had been. The first literary Epic, Beowulf, illustrates the struggle between these two ideologies, as well as contributes the sought after values of heroism. The Eaters of the Dead also demonstrates this struggle between cultures, playing off Beowulf in theme. Excalibur, the Arthurian†¦show more content†¦The story line soon takes off when the reader finds Fadlan is forced to play the role of the thirteenth warrior in a quest to destroy the terror that plagues these people. Being a common man of middle age, the protagonist fears for his life so refuses the position of greatness- only to have it thrust upon his as Beowulf did. I protested I was not a warrior. Verily I made all the excuses and pleadings that I could imagine might have effect upon this rude company of beings. I demanded that the interpreter convey my words to Buliwyf, and yet he turned away and left the hall, saying this last speech: ‘Prepare yourself as you think best. You shall leave on the morning light. As weeks pass Fadlan is forced to do battle with the Northerners, for, as he sees it, either course of action may end in death, so why not go forth in battle. Growing more accustom to the brutish ways of the Vikings, Fadlan soon sinks into their lifestyle, feeling proud of himself in battle, as well as partaking in the Northerners- once discomforting Ââ€" openness of sexual pleasures. Though adapting to much of the Viking way of life, Fadlan continues to express his fears openly, only to overcome it faced with his most feared obstacle- heights. Also it is true that I was much aggrieved at the prospect of climbing down the cliff. Verily I felt in this manner: that I should rather do any action upon the face of the earth, whether to lie with a women in menses,

Gender Role Essay Example For Students

Gender Role Essay Outline1 Outline2 Introduction3 Gender Stereotypes4 Types of Gender Roles5 Conclusion Outline A gender roles  essay is a type of writing  where you are requested by your tutor to define the roles that are specific to both females and males. In your gender roles paper, you should state how the current generation reacts to the set of behavior norms set by our forefathers. When writing  an analysis  on gender roles  topics, you should be able to compare and contrast  both generation’s behavior and roles in the society. As you write topics  on gender roles, your primary aim is to be persuasive  and draw attention as you provide proof to the era when females didnt have equal rights to men and how things are today. Before you commence writing  your gender roles paper, you should be able to differentiate between gender and sex. Gender means the responsibility that a person plays in a particular society while the word sex defines the biological features of a person. Introduction Gender roles  are learned behaviors in a given society, community or social group that dictates which titles, task, activity, and responsibilities are meant for female and male. In the society that we live today, gender roles  are defined as an expected way of how people should act, behave, talk, dress, groom, different color tastes or conduct themselves as per assigned sex. For example, in America  pink color was for women while the blue color for a male. The gender roles  are mostly instilled in people when young such that even when they grow up, they tend to stick to the characters. In most cases, character traits for both men and women are expected to be different among the eyes of the society. For example, women and girls are expected to dress in a specific manner that portrays their feminism. Politeness, nurturing, and kind nature is character traits that are attributed to them, while men are expected to be bold, aggressive, energetic and the leading provider of the family. In society, men are said to be weak if they show their emotional feelings openly especially when women and girls are present. Even after losing a loved one, men and boys are not supposed to cry but instead should hold their tears and proof to be strong during the tough situation. Gender Stereotypes A stereotype is a broad accepted bias or judgment about a group or a person. When it comes to gender roles, stereotyping cause unequal treatment. There four kinds of gender stereotypes found in diverse cultures and backgrounds. Physical Appearance  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In most cases, society expects women to have small bodies and be peaceful, while men are expected to have a large and muscular physique. In a community, there is a suitable mode of dressing for both men and women where a man is supposed to wear trousers and cut the hair short and women wearing dresses and make-up. Domestic Behavior  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Mostly, a man is expected to cater for the home bills financially, repair falling fences, taking the car to the garage, while the woman is likely to cook for the family, clean, and take care of the children. Occupation  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The society expects men to hold positions that are perceived to be hard and challenging like being a doctor, engineer, masons, pilots, while women are supposed to be teachers, nurses. Personality Traits  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ for example in society, men are expected to be aggressive and have self-confidence, and women to be emotional and accommodating. In various communities, gender roles  planning dictates that women who have low income have more roles to handle in the society, unlike men whose role are primarily not much. Types of Gender Roles Productive Roles  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Productive roles is the work done by both women and men for pay. The production includes substances produced for either to take to market or for domestic consumption. In the agricultural production area, women work tends to be independent farmers, wage workers, or peasant wives. .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 , .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .postImageUrl , .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 , .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5:hover , .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5:visited , .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5:active { border:0!important; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5:active , .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5 .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce8def7c6903c33f77726264d6c30cd5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sprite charts EssayCommunity Politics Roles  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Various gender roles  activities undertaken by men in the community level include organizing national political frameworks in the area they are living. Men are usually paid for the work either through wages and salaries or through the status of power. Reproductive Roles  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ women in different communities do children bearing and nurturing together with other domestic responsibilities. As part of their gender roles, women are expected to guarantee the maintenance and reproduction of the labor force. Other than biological reproduction, the society depends on women to maintain and take care of the workforce within the family and the entire community. Community Managing Roles  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Community managing roles are activities that the society delegates primarily to women at the community level. The functions include the provision and maintenance of scarce resources meant for consumption within the family set up like water, health care, and education. Women are not paid for the work since the tasks are done during free time voluntarily. Multiple Roles  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ both women and men play various roles in society. However, the main difference between the functions is that men tend to perform their tasks sequentially. Naturally, since men do not multitask, they focus and put their mind on a single reproductive role each at a time. Women can be able to do multiple tasks simultaneously with ease. They can balance the demands of each job within a short period. With time, gender roles  are changing in multiple cultures and countries. In America, you will find that the main discussion on gender roles  is on how to handle an evolution where initially a family used to rely on a single source of income which mostly was coming from the man. Currently, families have multiple incomes from both the man and the woman which means even other roles that were expected for women should be discussed before things fall apart. Conclusion When writing a gender role essay, your thesis statement  should echo your perception about what gender role is, and should be supported in the body using relevant ideas that help distinguish the roles of both men and women in the society. Each individual essay on gender roles  will have varying ideology depending on how you view the society, and you should seek to make yours as persuasive and informative as possible. In today’s society, gender roles  are changing in different cultures  as people continue to embrace the fact that every person can do any task irrespective of being a male or a female.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God †Jonathan Edwards †Enfield, Connecticut, July 8, 1741 Essay Example

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God – Jonathan Edwards – Enfield, Connecticut, July 8, 1741 Essay The sermon issued by Jonathan Edwards in his Church in Enfield, Connecticut is a powerful oratorical work. Delivered on July 8 1741, it is an important work that continues to hold relevance for its theological content as well as literary style. Consistent with founding texts of Christianity, there is a pronounced tenor of Godly retribution in Edwards’ work. For example, the following passage from the opening of the sermon indicates the scale of fear and inhibition which Edwards sought to place in the hearts of the congregated audience. â€Å"They are now the objects of that very same anger and wrath of God, that is expressed in the torments of hell. And the reason why they do not go down to hell at each moment, is not because God, in whose power they are, is not then very angry with them; as he is with many miserable creatures now tormented in hell, who there feel and bear the fierceness of his wrath. Yes, God is a great deal more angry with great numbers that are now on earth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Edwards 1741) Edward gives detailed account of the nature of God’s wrath. Indeed the torture and torment that awaits the sinners in hell is presented in an elaborate fashion. For example, he says, â€Å"They are now the objects of that very same anger and wrath of God, that is expressed in the torments of hell†. (Edwards 1741) Following this opening, Edwards highlights that though God is omnipotent he only exacts his punishment on the sinners at the moment of his choosing. In other words, in the divine scheme of things, God disposes justice at an opportune moment that may not be immediate. The reason Edwards points to how God plans retribution is to alert the faithful from shrugging their responsibility. It is only too easy and natural for people to take divine mandates casually if the punitive action against sin is not immediate. Edwards ensures that such complacency does not occur. The tone and intensity of the following message makes clear that the faithful will disregard d ivine dictates at their own peril. We will write a custom essay sample on Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God – Jonathan Edwards – Enfield, Connecticut, July 8, 1741 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God – Jonathan Edwards – Enfield, Connecticut, July 8, 1741 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God – Jonathan Edwards – Enfield, Connecticut, July 8, 1741 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"You probably are not sensible of this; you find you are kept out of hell, but do not see the hand of God in it; but look at other things, as the good state of your bodily constitution, your care of your own life, and the means you use for your own preservation. But indeed these things are nothing; if God should withdraw his hand, they would avail no more to keep you from falling, than the thin air to hold up a person that is suspended in it.† (Edwards 1741) Much of the sermon is devoted to instill a sense of dire fear in the hearts of the listeners. Adopting an evangelist style of speech, there are numerous repetitions and variations on the same theme. The text of the sermon taken as a whole is an effective document in creating fear among the believers. Effective as the literary device it might be, it eventually proves counter-productive. For the congregated audience to remember the delivered message, they must be offered some incentive for good action. But by focusing so much on sin and retribution, the author creates sourness rather than moral motivation. Rather than making the assembled audience more morally upright, the sermon may only make them utterly scared and prone to succumb to temptations and vices. There are strengths and weaknesses to the book by Kimnach et al. Its strength is its comprehensiveness and its utility in the classroom environment. The background essays included in the compilation help dispel some of the myths and simplistic caricatures surrounding the personal of Jonathan Edwards. The book’s attempt to link the Sermon with the socio-historical phenomenon of the Great Awakening is of immeasurable value to students and lay readers. It also traces Edwards’ opinions on conversion, as well as his take on Puritan methods for Christian propaganda. The book succeeds in making 18th century theology intelligible to twenty-first century minds, but it accomplishes this with grace and ease and transparency of thought that is the envy of any who have taught American religious history. For example, esoteric concepts like the â€Å"sovereignty of God, predestination of the elect, origin of sin, and divine justice† are all neatly explained and weaved .

The Effects of Parenting Styles on Children Essay Example

The Effects of Parenting Styles on Children Essay Example The Effects of Parenting Styles on Children Essay The Effects of Parenting Styles on Children Essay There are many ideas and opinions on how to raise children and how to be a â€Å"good parent. † Often, parents get advice on how to parent from their own parents, from their close friends, and even experts. There are three main types of parenting styles: authoritarian parenting, permissive parenting, and authoritative parenting. Authoritative parenting is a parenting style characterized by strict rules, harsh punishments and little warmth. Permissive parenting is characterized by parents who are responsive to their children, but lack rules and discipline. Authoritative parenting is characterized by parents who hold high expectations and set clear guidelines, but are responsive and loving to their children. Parenting styles determine the behaviour of children. The most effective parenting style, the authoritative style, can help lead to positive outcomes for children. It is significant to know what impact each parenting style has on a childs behaviour due to certain parenting styles having a negative effect, and certain styles having positive and healthy effects on a childs behaviour. A national longitudinal survey was conducted by Social Development Canada and Statistics Canada that observed over 4,100 children over a eight year period. The results supported many of research psychologist, Diana Baumrinds, findings. This included, that an authoritarian parenting style lead to children who are obedient, competent, good at following rules; but they lack in self-esteem, social skills and happiness, and were more likely to be aggressive. An authoritative parenting style, results in children that are balanced, competent, successful, and happy. Lastly, a permissive parenting style resulted in children having poor academic records and they were more likely to clash with authorities. Diana Baumrind believes that: While it is unreasonable to expect any parent capable of committing to one style and never deviating from it, having an end result in mind – what kind of person you want your child to become and what type of relationship you want to have with them – can provide the extra motivation and reasoning behind your choice of parenting style and disciplinary strategies. (Smith, 2011, www. suite101. om) This is a very good suggestion for parents because if one truly looks into how they want their child to turn out, they will probably want them to be happy, responsible, competent, social, successful, and balanced, and they will realize that there is a way to achieve that. This would be achievable by them being a role model for their children, showing them a prime example of who they should look up to. An authorita tive parenting style is a balance of setting rules, giving love, but at the same time letting children know that the parent is in charge. An article about how parenting styles impact children states: Balanced (Authoritative) parents: Guide their children’s activities explaining why rules are important Consider their child’s point of view when they refuse to behave as requested. In this way, the parent is accepting of their child’s individuality while setting standards for future behaviour Keep communication open and clear Enforce consistent consequences (Bornstein, 2007, www. ealthunit. com) This is a true method of balanced parenting, according to Rick Trinkner, a doctoral candidate at University of new Hampshire, he suggests, â€Å"Our data offers further evidence that the authoritative parenting style is an effective way for parents to successfully socialize their children and that its influence works largely through its effect on youth perceptions of parental legitimacy† (Wyman, 2012, www. howtolearn. com). The references above, show that the authoritative parenting style is the best way to raise a child. A disadvantage when researching the effect that parenting styles have on child behaviour is that some parents may deny that the result of their childs behaviour is due to their parenting style. It could also offend some parents if it were said, for example, that their child is unhappy and aggressive because of their authoritarian parenting style. Although surveys and observations have been done on this subject, and that there is research to prove that parenting styles do have an effect on a childs behaviour, everyone always has their own opinions, and may not agree with this research. References Bornstein L, Bornstein MH. (2007). Parenting styles and child social development. In Tremblay RE, Barr RG, Peters RDeV, eds. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development. Smith, L. (2011). Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative and Permissive. In Parenting Methods [online. ] Retrieved Monday, October 15th, 2012, from http://suite101. com/article/parenting-styles-authoritarian-authoritative-and-permissive-a361151. Wyman, P. (2012). How Your Parenting Style Affects Your Child’s Behaviour. In Articles [online. ] Retrieved Monday, October 15th, 2012, from howtolearn. com/2012/02/how-your-parenting-style-affects-your-childs-behavior.

Why America isn't the greatest country in the world anymore Essay

Why America isn't the greatest country in the world anymore - Essay Example The level of literacy in America has been declining remarkably. Statistics indicate that the education system in the United States is failing. Estimates indicate, â€Å"ninety-three million American adults or about forty-five percent have limited math and writing skills† (Literacy Texas.). The statistics are startling since the low literacy skills can have negative effects on the global image of the United States. In 2003, an assessment pointed out that one adult in a group of three Americans is unable to display reading skills (Literacy Texas). Similarly, a section of the American population has low health literacy. The low health literacy has been pointed as a top predictor and contributor to mortality. In Texas, the literacy programs serve a small number of Americans in need of writing and reading skills. In effect, the declining levels of literacy displace America from the perceived top position on the globe. Thus, it is important to remedy the problem by boosting the lite racy levels. The statistics of infant mortality and life expectancy in the US are startling. The video clip indicates that the US is forty-ninth in infant mortality and hundred and seventy-eighth in infant mortality (Taube). A health report pointed out that Americans have a low life expectancy as compared to other wealthy nations. The short life expectancy is attributable to violence, especially from the people who possess guns. According to the estimates, â€Å"approximately six violent deaths occur in every hundred thousand residents† (Castillo).

Position Paper- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Position Paper- - Essay Example colleges towards low- income students though the following exposition embarks on the merits and counter arguments from the critiques in order to clear the debacle. Career colleges have increased the number of institutions offering higher education thereby enabling many low- income students to select their career path. The increased number of career colleges has augmented the number of courses offered thereby enabling students from low- income household to undertake their convenient courses that will not burden their pockets. The increased career colleges have led to the development of numerous learning techniques such as on- line learning and flexible hours that have enabled low- income students to access quality education. The increased flexible learning techniques have led to a decrease in the transportation and accommodation cost that otherwise strain the lives of low- income students (Holmes 6). In addition, the notion brings about a strong correlation between training and job requirement, which appeals to a host of scholars. Critiques argue that the career colleges are profit- oriented institutions that do not care on the quality of education they offer as long as they enrich the proprietors. The notion is not true because an increased number of low- income students are graduating from career colleges and upon employment in the various sectors of the economy, they are performing well (Holmes 4). The numerous legislations and lobbying that have occurred in the United States hindering for- profit colleges from exploiting students dismiss the critique that the institutions are profit- oriented. The career colleges are competing with public institutions for quality education rather than profits since public institutions have recently adopted numerous and flexible learning techniques such as on- line learning. Career colleges provide a tangible learning experience that helps in augmenting the connection between training and job requirement thereby motivating

The Child By Tiger By Thomas Wolfe Essay Example for Free

The Child By Tiger By Thomas Wolfe Essay Insane Slave Murders Citizens! The headlines would boldly exclaim this phrase if an event such as that happened today. The central event of the plot is a violent action in The Child by Tiger by Thomas Wolfe. The author gives significance to the occurrence by making it reveal a general truth about human experience. This universal theme becomes evident through many aspects of the story, which can be analyzed and evaluated to discern their purpose. These following paragraphs will support the judgement that a person in general can contain two worlds inside their psyche: good and evil. If the balance of these two is upset, tremendous or horrible things can happen. When The Child by Tiger first begins, Dick Prosser is established as a well-rounded, almost perfect individual. Although he is a slave, that doesnt restrict his amazing talents and abilities. As the story progresses, however, a stark contrast becomes evident in Dick Prossers presence. The first indication of the revelation of an underlying theme is the shroud of mystery veiled over Dick Prosser. For example, in the first few pages of this story, a character named Pansy Harris is introduced. She is portrayed as a jovial, good-hearted, Negro woman that assists with the kitchen duties in her owners home. Her disposition quickly changes to quiet and somewhat mournful upon encountering Dick Prosser. She informs her host family that she is leaving, which seems as if her departure is without any reason whatsoever. Secondly, a dark, enigmatic presence surrounded the narrator when he would see Dick. The narrator (once referred to as Mr. Spangler) speaks of the red in Dicks eyes whenever Dick would emerge from his living quarters. This was presumed to be an intoxication of the spirit because Dick was a godly man. The appearance of the worn-out Bible on his table was evidence that the book had been used often. Spangler often refers to Dicks cat-like abilities to sneak up on people, which deeply troubled him. Dicks moaning of hymns and another aspect pertaining to the Bible frightened the narrator. Dick would sometimes put together a weird jargon of Biblical phrases, perhaps constructing his own meaning of the passages. Obviously, the author is trying to create a direct contradiction to Dicks previous character. The significant violent action becomes almost predictable with the next few events. On Saturday a little after eight in the evening, the narrator along with the Shepperton boy noticed Dicks door to his basement room was slightly open. They entered and found a rifle with ammunition lying  on the small table is Dicks perfectly tidy lodging. Dick crept upon the boys like a cat, his red eyes glaring. This incident frightened the boys. While everyone in the town was asleep that night, Dick was not. The town bell rang, awaking Spangler in the process. When the narrator had heard that a Negro man had murdered several people, he knew immediately that it was Dick Prosser. Earlier that evening, Dick had been at Pansys home. Her husband came home, drank with Dick for a short while, then proceeded to fight with him. Pansys husband was killed. Perhaps it was out of jealousy or a conspiracy between Pansy and Dick; nonetheless, Dick murdered him. This initiated Dicks killing spree. He murdered men because they posed a threat to Pansy, first; then because people were a danger to him. What was the purpose of the strange chronological structure? It was very interesting how the author used a different sequence of order in telling this story. The whole story is a twenty-five year flashback, yet to recount the actual events that happened the night of the murders, Wolfe returns to the present time. What importance does this removal in time have for the meaning of the story? It is evident that the removal in time of the narrator has had an effect on him. He could take time to put things into perspective and delve beyond the surface to contemplate the Dicks true motives. Even during the time period that the incidence occurred, Spangler understood the mentality of the people. He said, For we would still remember the old dark doubt and loathing of our kind, of something hateful and unspeakable in the souls of men. We knew that we should not forget. What was the intent of Wolfe to constantly mention the Army? How was that pertinent to Dicks actions and behavior? There were several references in the story to Dicks affiliation with the Army. A great example is paragraph 102 on page 36 which states, as if he were seated on his co t in an Army barracks, he unlaced his shoes, .stood up like a soldier. What was the significance of this event, especially when Dick was a mere ten yards away from freedom? It symbolized submission to fate. All humans are subject to some sort of fate, and Dick believed that his destiny was of a Biblical nature. Perhaps he would rather die willingly than to be hunted down by the police for the rest of his life. How Dick readily gave up contrasted to the way that the whites treated his body. He knew that he was subject to fate, yet the whites completely destroyed his body with almost 300 shots. Also, verse four of the  psalm on page 38 explains the significance of Dick taking off his shoes. It states that thou art with me. Dick might have misconstrued Bible passages. Perhaps something clicked in his head and made him recall bits of his previous character: the good Dick Prosser. Are voices of reason always drowned out by a mob? Hugh McNairs voice was certainly ignored. A minor character, Hugh desperately tried to persuade the mob to go by law, order, and justice. They completely disregarded the righteous things that he said, and proceeded to throw a brick in his direction. Hence, it is apparent that there were others who saw the unjust attitude of the townspeople besides the narrator and the other boys. These paragraphs have supported the judgement that a person in general can contain two worlds inside their psyche: good and evil. If the balance of these two is upset, tremendous or horrible things can happen. In this case it was the latter. Conceivably, things could have turned out different for Mr. Dick Prosser had he been brought up in a different community. Subtract the potential for racism, prejudice, discrimination, and Dick might have been another star football player or the highest-ranking officer in the military. The possibilities could be endless if one would disregard their limitations.

The Images of Full Fathom Five :: Full Fathom Five Essays

The Images of Full Fathom Five In the world of seafaring men, William Shakespeare may not be particularly celebrated. It can't, however, be said that he didn't try his hand at a dirge for such sailors in his poem, "Full Fathom Five." In this poem, the use of concrete images and onomatopoeia brings to life the poem, bringing the reader closer to the bottom of the sea where the poem is set. On the seafloor, we are told, a corpse of "thy father" (Imogen) lies (l. 1). The poem instantly then begins to paint the setting of his watery grave with images that the reader is then almost able to see. "Of his bones are corals made;/Those are pearls that were his eyes" (ll. 2-3) presents two images in quick succession, as our minds latch on to the idea of vibrantly colored coral and milky pearl. We begin, through these carefully selected images, to see the situation the corpse rests in. "...doth suffer a sea change/Into something rich and strange." (ll. 5-6) is a more subtle image, calling on the associations that the reader holds in his or her mind. The word "sea" brings to mind varied input from impressions of the sea- usually above it. This makes the reader think of the tossing waves and changes of the sea, which are then reinforced (in the context below the waves) by the combination with the word "change" directly afterwards, and the explanation that the changes are "rich and strange." This makes us think of almost supernaturally strange changes, but in a warmer context because of their "rich"ness. Once we have these images in mind, we are presented with the concept of the sea nymphs ringing bells for the deceased- "hourly ring his knell:/Ding-dong." (ll. 7-8) How do they ring the bells? With the sound "ding-dong," the onomatopoeic qualities of which help bring the reader over the shifting waves to the sound of the bell. "Hark! now I hear them-Ding-dong, bell." Because the poet states that he can "hear them," he brings us to that other sense beyond images- a world of auditory perception.

African Americans in American Society 1920s Essay

Many blacks contributed to the success of our country in every war that we as a people have ever fought. In order to properly thank them for their heroic effort, I as a Hispanic Caucasian must give credit where credit is due. In order to properly do so, I must begin with the contributions of â€Å"Black America† beginning with the American Revolution and continue up until the World War II. Make no mistake blacks made contributions well past World War II, but in the interest of time and accuracy I must stay within the confines of our earlier history. One main aspect that should be analyzed is the fact that no matter how hard the struggle, blacks have always overcome adversity no matter what the cost. Of course, contributions made by blacks are not limited to war alone, but include a wide spectrum of achievements that have advanced civilization as a whole. My personal respect and thanks go to all people who have served and continue to serve this country at any capacity. But we must never forget the contributions made by our black brothers and sisters who gave their lives fighting for a cause that so greatly affected their lives as well as our well being. Charles Dickens said it best in his book A Tale of Two Cities, â€Å"It was the best of times it was the worst of times†. The American Revolution was a time of great struggle for people of all races. But, Blacks in particular understood the literal meaning of patriot rhetoric, eagerly took up the cause of American freedom, fighting bravely in the early confrontations with the British. Though the revolution freed some blacks and set the country on a course toward the abolition of slavery, political accommodation to plantation owners forestalled emancipation for many blacks in the south for 90 more years. A black man was one of the first martyrs of the patriot cause. Crispus Attucks, apparently a slave who had run away from his owner 20 years before, died in the Boston Massacre in 1770. Though facts were disputed at trials then as now, witnesses said Attucks hit a British officer with a large piece of firewood, grabbed a bayonet and urged the crowd to attack just before the British fired. Attucks and two others were killed while eight were wounded, two mortally. Blacks served at the battles of Lexington and Concord. Peter Salem, a freed slave, stood on the green at Lexington facing the British when the first battle broke out with the shot that was heard around the world. One of the last men wounded in the battle as the British escaped to Boston was Prince Estabrook, a black man from West Lexington. At least 20 blacks, including Peter Salem, were in the ranks two months later when the British attacked an American position outside Boston in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Salem has been honored for firing the shot that killed Major John Pitcairn, the British officer who led the Redcoats when they had attacked his small unit at Lexington. Unable to venture outside Boston and then threatened with cannon surrounding the city, the British left Boston for New York. As the war changed from a Massachusetts endeavor to a broader conflict throughout the colonies, the politics of race changed dramatically. Blacks had been welcomed in the New England militia, but Congress initially decided against having them in the Continental army. Congress needed support from the South if all the colonies were to win their independence from England. Since southern plantation owners wanted to keep their slaves, they were afraid to give guns to blacks. Congress ordered all blacks removed from the army, but black veterans appealed directly to George Washington, who took up their cause with John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. Blacks serving in the army were allowed to stay, but new enlistments were forbidden. Though the Declaration of Independence declared that â€Å"all men were created equal,† many blacks soon saw more opportunity on the British side. The British governor of Virginia promised immediate freedom and wages to any slave who would join the Kings army. Hundreds flocked to the standard of the governor, Lord Dunmore, but he was denied a base on the land by the American forces and many of the blacks who joined him died of smallpox on overcrowded ships. The loyalty of blacks was a serious issue for the American leaders because blacks made up one-fifth of the two million people in the colonies. With the British soldiers already outnumbering the American troops, and recruitment difficult for the patriots, the northern colonies soon again began to enlist blacks. Rhode Island made up a regiment almost entirely of blacks. As the war continued, colonies as far south as Maryland and Virginia were recruiting free blacks for the American cause. As the war spread into the South, Congress found it needed to recruit slaves. It offered to pay South Carolina slave owners $1,000 for able-bodied male slaves. The slaves would receive no pay, but would be given $50 and their freedom at the end of the war if they served â€Å"well and faithfully. † The South Carolina Assembly threatened to leave the war, dooming the plan in the southernmost colonies. Recruitment of blacks to the American cause continued further north, but the patriots had less success than the British. The offer of immediate freedom extended by Virginia’s unfortunate loyalist governor was eventually made by the British throughout the colonies. Slaves joined the British by the tens of thousands. The fate of the loyalist blacks varied considerably. Some were captured by Americans and either returned to their masters or treated as war loot and sold back into slavery. Approximately 20,000 were with the British at the end of the war, taken to Canada or the Caribbean. Some became the founders of the British colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Even though the British offered slaves a better deal, many blacks served on the American side. They made up a sizeable share of the men in the Continental navy, state navies and the large force of American privateers. Blacks had long been in the labor force on ships and at seaports. On the water, then as now, skill counted for more than politics. The precise role of blacks in the revolution is difficult to quantify. Blacks in those days generally did not write. The people who did write early histories of the revolution were whites and concentrated on the efforts of white men. Also, many participants in the revolution were not specifically identified by race in the documents of the time and historians now have no way of knowing whether they were black. When blacks were allowed to serve in the American military, they often did work as laborers, sometimes in addition to regular soldier duties. Usually they were privates, though a few rose to command small groups of men. The words of the Declaration of Independence were taken literally by blacks and some whites. In, 1780, Pennsylvania became the first colony to pass a law phasing out slavery. Children born to slaves after that date were granted their freedom when they reached 28. Other northern states followed. The Superior Court of Massachusetts held in 1783 that slavery violated the state constitution, and New Hampshire also ended slavery by a court ruling. Vermont outlawed slavery and Connecticut and Rhode Island passed gradual emancipation laws. New York outlawed slavery in 1799 and New Jersey followed in 1804. The international slave trade was outlawed in 1808. Progress then came to a stop. A boom in cotton production spread the slave economy into the lower Mississippi Valley. Slave states were careful to control at least half the political power in the federal government, blocking any national movement against slavery until the Civil War. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the rebelling territories of the confederacy and authorizing Black enlistment in the Union Army. Since the beginning of the Civil War, free Black people in general, and Black Bostonians in particular, were ready to gather arms on behalf of the Union, yet they were prevented from doing so. Popular racial stereotypes and institutional discrimination against Blacks in the military contributed to the prevailing myth that Black men lacked the intelligence and bravery necessary to serve their country. By the fall of 1862, however, the lack of White Union enlistment and confederate victories at Antietem forced the U. S. government to reconsider its racist policy. As Congress met in October to address the issue of Black enlistment, various troops of Black volunteers had already been organized, including the First South Carolina and the Kansas Colored Troops. It wasn’t until January 26, 1863; however, that secretary of war Edwin Stanton authorized the enlistment of Black troops. As a result, the 54th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer infantry was founded, becoming the first all-Black Union regiment raised in the north. Training began for Black volunteers at Camp Meigs in Reedville, MA on February 21, 1863. Although some members of the community voiced opposition to the prevention of Black men from achieving the rank of colonel or officer, most community activists urged Black men to seize the opportunity to serve in the Union forces. The fear many Black volunteers had about the potential racism of White officers and colonels was calmed when Massachusetts Governor John Andrew assured Bostonians that White officers assigned to the 54th Regiment would be â€Å"young men of military experience, of firm anti-slavery principles, ambitious, superior to a vulgar contempt for color, and having faith in the capacity of colored men for military service. † Andrew held to his word, appointing 25-year-old Robert Gould Shaw as colonel and George P. Hallowell as Lieutenant. The son of wealthy abolitionists, Shaw had been educated in Europe and at Harvard before joining the seventh New York National Guard in 1861. In 1862, when Governor Andrew contacted Shaw’s father about the prospect of commissioning his son as colonel of the soon-to-be organized fifty-fourth, Shaw was an officer in the Second Massachusetts Infantry. Although reluctant to accept the commission, Shaw eventually became colonel. By the time training began at Camp Meigs, Shaw and his officers began work with the soldiers whose bravery would forever change public perception of Black military skill and valor. Black community leaders across the country such as Frederick Douglass and William Wells Brown served as recruiting agents for the Union army. As a result, over 1000 volunteers enlisted in the 54th Regiment, a response so overwhelming that Massachusetts organized a second Black regiment, the fifty-fifth. Men of the fifty-fourth represented twenty-four states, the District of Columbia, the West Indies, and Africa. Approximately 25% of them had been slaves, over 50% were literate, and, although as civilians they had worked in forty-six different occupations, the overwhelming majorities (55%) were common laborers. Regardless of origin, occupation, or social class, the men of the 54th Regiment both inspired Boston’s Black community and provided a symbol of pride for abolitionists across the country. Activists such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass visited Camp Meigs to show their support. Although the organization of the 54th Regiment resolved the conflict over Black enlistment in the Union army, the struggle of Black soldiers to gain respect in the military was just beginning. Upon arrival in the south, the Black soldiers were often treated as common laborers and the potential for their valor on the battlefield was disregarded. Upon arriving in Georgia on June 11, they were ordered by Col. James Montgomery of the Department of the South to raid the town of Darien. Reports of Black soldiers burning buildings and ravaging the homes of townspeople confirmed stereotypes of Black soldiers as un-trainable brutes. Col. Shaw found the raid on Darien barbarous and distasteful, and sent a letter to Brigadier General George C. Strong, requesting that the men be used in the planned attack on Fort Wagner, South Carolina. On July 16, the 54th Regiment fought alongside White soldiers of the 10th Connecticut Infantry in a skirmish on James Island, SC. This battle redeemed the Black soldiers’ fighting ability in the eyes of White skeptics, including General Strong, who commanded the 54th Regiment to lead the assault on Fort Wagner, scheduled for July 18. Strategically, a successful attack on Fort Wagner would allow Union forces to seize control of Charleston Harbor. Located on Morris Island, Fort Wagner protected Battery Gregg overlooking Fort Sumter. Thus, seizure of Fort Wagner was valuable because it enabled the Union to shell Sumter and close the harbor to confederate blockade runners, thereby paving the way for further Union attack on Charleston. Fort Wagner was located at the northern tip of Morris Island, and was controlled by 1700 troops and 17 artillery guns. Depleted to just over 600 men by the skirmish two days previous, the men of the 54th Regiment were ordered to lead the assault on Fort Wagner with the backing of regiments from New York, Connecticut, Maine, and Pennsylvania. Before the charge commenced, Colonel Shaw ordered the regiment to â€Å"prove yourselves as men. † Within 200 feet of the Fort, the confederates began to attack as the brave men of the 54th Regiment struggled through darkness, four-foot deep water, and marshland. Colonel Shaw, accompanied by dwindling numbers of dying men, managed to reach the top of the parapet where a bitter hand-to-hand combat ensued, the Black Union soldiers with bayonets against the White Confederate soldiers with handspikes and gun rammers. Colonel Shaw was mortally wounded with a pierce through the heart, along with a dozen of his men. Meanwhile, members of the 54th Regiment – some wounded, some dying – began to retreat; those who refused to back down were taken prisoner. As the smoke cleared, evidence of Confederate victory was immediately apparent, with 174 Rebel casualties and 1515 Union soldiers dead or wounded. Of the eleven regiments who participated in the Union assault, the fifty-forth Regiment accrued the most casualties, with 256 of their 600 men dead or wounded. Despite the heavy losses, the assault on Fort Wagner proved to the nation and the world the valor of Black soldiers in general and the men of the 54th Regiment in particular. From the ranks of the fifty-forth came stories of unfailing patriotism and undying glory. The men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, their White officers, colonel, and allies, not only struck a blow for American freedom and unity, they also proved to the nation and the world the valor, bravery, and devotion of African American soldiers. In the sacrifice made by Col. Shaw and his soldiers, Americans witnessed, for the first time, the supremacy of equality over racism, discrimination, and ignorance. Upon his death at Fort Wagner, the body of Col. Shaw was placed in a mass grave on Morris Island along with the bodies of his soldiers. The lack of proper military burial for a man who had distinguished himself as a soldier and as a leader was intended to insult the honor of Shaw and his family, who were deemed as race traitors by Confederates and White unionists alike. However, upon learning that his son had been buried with his black soldiers, Francis Shaw stated, with dignity, that â€Å"We hold that a soldier’s most appropriate burial place is on the field where he has fallen. † This statement and the honor displayed by the Shaw family and veterans of the fifty-fourth helped immortalize Shaw and his men as symbols of the Civil War battle for unity and equality. As a result of the 54th Regiment, over 180,000 Black men enlisted under the Union flag between 1863 and 1865. AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY SERVICE from WWI through WWII. During the global conflicts of the first half of the 20th century, U. S. servicemen fought in Europe for the first time in the nation’s history. African Americans were among the troops committed to combat in World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII), even though they and other black Americans were denied the full blessings of the freedom for which the United States had pledged to fight. Traditional racist views about the use of black troops in combat initially excluded African Americans from the early recruiting efforts and much of the actual combat in both wars. Nonetheless, large numbers of African Americans still volunteered to fight for their country in 1917-18 and 1940-45. Once again, many black servicemen hoped their military contribution and sacrifice would prove to their white countrymen that African Americans desired and deserved a fully participatory role in U. S. society. Unfortunately, the deeply entrenched negative racial attitudes prevalent among much of the white American population, including many of the nation’s top military and civilian leaders, made it very difficult for blacks to serve in the military establishment of this period. African-American servicemen suffered numerous indignities and received little respect from white troops and civilians alike. The historic contributions by blacks to the defense of the United States were usually ignored or downplayed, while combat failures similar to those of whites and violent racial incidents often provoked by whites were exaggerated into a condemnation of all African Americans. In the â€Å"Jim Crow† world of pre-1945 America, black servicemen confronted not only the hostility of enemies abroad but that of enemies at home. African-American soldiers and sailors had two formidable obstacles to deal with: discrimination and segregation. Yet, black servicemen in both world wars repeatedly demonstrated their bravery, loyalty, and ability in combat or in support of frontline troops. Oftentimes, they accomplished these tasks without proper training or adequate equipment. Poor communications and a lack of rapport with their white officers were two additional burdens hampering the effectiveness and efficiency of African Americans in the military. Too frequently, there was little or no recognition or gratitude for their accomplishments. One of the worst slights of both wars was the willingness of the white establishment to allow racism to influence the award of the prestigious Medal of Honor. Although several exceptionally heroic African Americans performed deeds worthy of this honor, not one received at the time the award that their bravery and self-sacrifice deserved. It took over 70 years for the United States to rectify this error for WWI and over 50 years for WWII. Despite the hardships and second-class status, their participation in both wars helped to transform many African-American veterans as well as helped to eventually change the United States. Though still limited by discrimination and segregation at home, their sojourn in Europe during WWI and WWII made many black servicemen aware that the racial attitudes so common among white Americans did not prevail everywhere else. The knowledge that skin color did not preclude dignity and respect made many black veterans unwilling to submit quietly to continuing racial discrimination once they returned to the United States. In addition, the growing importance of black votes beginning in the 1930s and 1940s forced the nation’s political and military leaders to pay more attention to African Americans’ demands, particularly in regard to the military. Although it was a tedious and frustrating process, one too often marked by cosmetic changes rather than real reform, by the end of WWII, the U. S. military establishment slowly began to make some headway against racial discrimination and segregation within its ranks. The stage was set for President Harry S Truman’s landmark executive order of 26 July 1948. Another main contribution of note would be the trails and tribulations of the Tuskegee Airmen. In the 1940’s, it was still believed that Blacks were incapable of flying aircraft. This myth was dispelled with the help of the U. S. Congress. On June 27, 1939 – THE CIVILIAN PILOT TRAINING ACT was passed. This solitary ACT helped to create a reserve of civilian pilots to be called in case of War. Young black pilots were given the opportunity to train with U. S. approved programs located at TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE. The SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT OF 1940 also increased the opportunity for a broader participation of Blacks in the military when it banned discrimination in the selection and training of all American citizens because of race and color. The success of the CIVILIAN PILOT TRAINING ACT helped put the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON OF TUSKEGEE on the map. It was said that â€Å"the success of Negro youth in the Army Air Force would be predicated upon the success of the ‘Tuskegee Experiment. ‘† HBO’s docudrama, THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN, is a good depiction of this era of Black Americans seeking acceptance as military pilots. Because of the opportunity provided by the Civilian Pilot Training Act, the number of Blacks in the ARMY AIR FORCE jumped from 2,250 in 1941 to over 145,000 by 1944. The two major groups to see combat as AAF men were the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON and the 332ND FIGHTER GROUP. Out of the 332nd Group came the 100th, 301st, and 302nd Squadrons under the command of Lieutenant Colonel BENJAMIN O. DAVIS, SR. , who became America’s FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN GENERAL on October 25, 1940. By 1944, the 99th was added to the 332nd and participated in campaigns in Sicily, Rome, and Romania. The 99th and 332nd earned many DISTINGUISHED UNIT CITATIONS. These historical examples are but a small sample of the many great contributions and sacrifices made by black people in order to secure freedom and prosperity for this great nation. We owe them a debt than can never be fully repaid. If anything these great contributions should curtail any negative or racial thoughts toward such a magnanimous people. You would think that with all that has transpired throughout history, that we as a people could live and coexist together with peace and harmony. My only hope is that with time people will come to realize that we are all not that different from one another and that we can thrive together for a better future for all of us.

Cigarettes Advertisements A Look At Couples Essay

Cigarettes Advertisements: A look at couples’ portrayal in the past and present Consumers are struck by several different and diverse advertisements trying to incentivize cigarette smoking. Big tobacco corporations have often used masculinity in the characters of their ads whom have made it ‘cool’ to smoke. The advertising of cigarettes goes back to when companies used creative solutions to sell cigarettes, when a scare arose to make cigarettes seem bad for you because it caused cancer. Cigarette companies quelled these consumers fears, particularly the tobacco company that owns Lucky Strike. Lucky Strike used the slogan â€Å"it’s toasted,† so that consumers can see its cigarette brand in a new light such as being a healthier and higher quality choice when in reality it’s just the same product as before, but it eases the consumer to buying their product. 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